{"id":49489,"date":"2024-12-03T08:28:21","date_gmt":"2024-12-03T00:28:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fwq.ai\/blog\/49489\/"},"modified":"2024-12-03T08:28:21","modified_gmt":"2024-12-03T00:28:21","slug":"pythons-gradual-typing-flexibly-enhancing-code-safety-and-performance","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fwq.ai\/blog\/49489\/","title":{"rendered":"Python&#s Gradual Typing: Flexibly Enhancing Code Safety and Performance"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/b> <\/p>\n

Python&#s Gradual Typing: Flexibly Enhancing Code Safety and Performance<\/h1>\n

\u201c\u7eb5\u6709\u75be\u98ce\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u751f\u4e0d\u8a00\u5f03\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u9001\u7ed9\u6b63\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u6587\u7ae0<\/span>\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u672c\u6587\u300aPythons Gradual Typing: Flexibly Enhancing Code Safety and Performance\u300b<\/span>\u540e\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u771f\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u5230\u5927\u5bb6\u3002\u6211\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u9646\u7eed\u66f4\u65b0\u6587\u7ae0<\/span>\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6709\u597d\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u6b22\u8fce\u5927\u5bb6\u5728\u8bc4\u8bba\u7559\u8a00\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u8c22\uff01<\/p>\n

\"Python&#s<\/p>\n

python \u4e2d\u7684\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u8f93\u5165\u5bf9\u4e8e\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u60f3\u8981\u4e24\u5168\u5176\u7f8e\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219\u6539\u53d8\u8005\uff1a\u52a8\u6001\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u548c\u9759\u6001\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u9009\u8fb9\u7ad9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9009\u8fb9\u7ad9\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u627e\u5230\u9002\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n

\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u57fa\u7840\u5f00\u59cb\u3002 python \u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5fc5\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u96be\u4ee5\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6e10\u8fdb\u6253\u5b57\u7684\u7528\u6b66\u4e4b\u5730\u3002<\/p>\n

\u901a\u8fc7\u9010\u6b65\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63d0\u793a\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u9010\u6b65\u5f15\u5165\u5b83\u4eec\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u540d\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u73b0\u6709\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a<\/p>\n

def greet(name: str) -> str:\n    return f\"hello, {name}!\"\n\nprint(greet(\"alice\"))  # output: hello, alice!\nprint(greet(42))  # this will run, but a type checker would warn us\n<\/pre>\n
\u5728\u6b64\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u544a\u8bc9 python name \u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u5e94\u8be5\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u4f46 python \u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f3a\u5236\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9 – \u6211\u4eec\u9700\u8981\u4f7f\u7528\u50cf mypy \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u5668\u6765\u6355\u83b7\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u66f4\u6df1\u5165\u5730\u4e86\u89e3\u4e00\u4e0b\u3002\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u6253\u5b57\u6700\u9177\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u6df7\u5408\u6253\u5b57\u548c\u975e\u6253\u5b57\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u4e0d\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u7684\u9057\u7559\u4ee3\u7801\u5e93\u6216\u7b2c\u4e09\u65b9\u5e93\u65f6\uff0c\u8fd9\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
def process_data(data: list[int]) -> int:\n    return sum(data)\n\n# this function doesn't use type hints\ndef get_data():\n    return [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]\n\nresult = process_data(get_data())  # this works fine\n<\/pre>\n
\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0cprocess_data \u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u4f46 get_data \u6ca1\u6709\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4ecd\u7136\u53ef\u4ee5\u65e0\u7f1d\u5730\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u662f\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u6253\u5b57\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u5230\u5904\u6dfb\u52a0 : int \u3002\u5b83\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u5145\u6ee1\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5168\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u521b\u5efa\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u5177\u8868\u73b0\u529b\uff1a<\/p>\n
from typing import newtype\n\nuserid = newtype('userid', int)\n\ndef get_user_info(user_id: userid) -> dict:\n    # fetch user info from database\n    pass\n\nuser_id = userid(12345)\ninfo = get_user_info(user_id)  # this is fine\ninfo = get_user_info(12345)  # a type checker would warn about this\n<\/pre>\n
\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\u903b\u8f91\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u7528\u6237 id \u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u6574\u6570\uff0c\u4f46\u5e76\u975e\u6bcf\u4e2a\u6574\u6570\u90fd\u662f\u6709\u6548\u7684\u7528\u6237 id\u3002<\/p>\n
\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8c08\u8c08\u4e00\u4e9b\u66f4\u9ad8\u7ea7\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u3002\u534f\u53d8\u548c\u9006\u53d8\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u5947\u7279\u7684\u672f\u8bed\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e86\u6211\u4eec\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u8d85\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u6709\u70b9\u4ee4\u4eba\u8d39\u89e3\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
from typing import list, callable\n\nclass animal:\n    def make_sound(self):\n        pass\n\nclass dog(animal):\n    def make_sound(self):\n        return \"woof!\"\n\ndef animal_sounds(animals: list[animal]) -> list[str]:\n    return [animal.make_sound() for animal in animals]\n\ndogs: list[dog] = [dog(), dog()]\nsounds = animal_sounds(dogs)  # this is fine because dog is a subtype of animal\n<\/pre>\n
\u5728\u6b64\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u4f7f\u7528\u534f\u65b9\u5dee\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06 dogs \u5217\u8868\u4f20\u9012\u7ed9\u9700\u8981 animal \u5217\u8868\u7684\u51fd\u6570\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a dog \u662f animal \u7684\u5b50\u7c7b\u578b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9006\u53d8\u5219\u76f8\u53cd\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5904\u7406\u51fd\u6570\u53c2\u6570\u65f6\u5b83\u5f88\u6709\u7528\uff1a<\/p>\n
def feed_animal(animal: animal):\n    print(\"feeding animal\")\n\ndef feed_dog(dog: dog):\n    print(\"feeding dog\")\n\ndef do_feeding(feeder: callable[[animal], none], animal: animal):\n    feeder(animal)\n\ndo_feeding(feed_animal, dog())  # this is fine\ndo_feeding(feed_dog, animal())  # a type checker would warn about this\n<\/pre>\n
\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c06 feed_animal \u4f20\u9012\u7ed9 do_feeding\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5904\u7406\u4efb\u4f55\u52a8\u7269\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u72d7\u3002\u4f46\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u4f20\u9012 feed_dog\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u65e0\u6cd5\u5904\u7406\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u52a8\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u53ef\u80fd\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u6709\u70b9\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u4f46\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u8bbe\u8ba1\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u65f6\u5b83\u4eec\u975e\u5e38\u5f3a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n
\u73b0\u5728\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u6765\u8c08\u8c08\u5982\u4f55\u9010\u6b65\u5c06\u9759\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u5f15\u5165\u5230\u5927\u578b python \u4ee3\u7801\u5e93\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5168\u6709\u6216\u5168\u65e0\u7684\u63d0\u8bae\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5c0f\u4e8b\u505a\u8d77\uff0c\u9010\u6b65\u5411\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n
\u9996\u5148\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u80fd\u60f3\u5411\u516c\u5171 api \u6dfb\u52a0\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u7528\u6237\u4e86\u89e3\u4ed6\u4eec\u5e94\u8be5\u4f20\u9012\u4ec0\u4e48\u7c7b\u578b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ed6\u4eec\u5c06\u8fd4\u56de\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u7136\u540e\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u5173\u952e\u90e8\u5206\u2014\u2014\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7279\u522b\u6210\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u533a\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n
\u968f\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u6dfb\u52a0\u66f4\u591a\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u5c06\u5f00\u59cb\u770b\u5230\u597d\u5904\u3002\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u5668\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u6211\u4eec\u8fd0\u884c\u4ee3\u7801\u4e4b\u524d\u6355\u83b7\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684 ide \u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u81ea\u52a8\u5b8c\u6210\u548c\u91cd\u6784\u652f\u6301\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d8\u5f97\u81ea\u6211\u8bb0\u5f55\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u662f\u9700\u8981\u53d6\u5f97\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u60f3\u8fc7\u5ea6\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u800c\u5931\u53bb python \u7684\u53ef\u8bfb\u6027\u548c\u7b80\u5355\u6027\u3002\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u4fdd\u7559\u65e0\u7c7b\u578b\u5185\u5bb9\u662f\u53ef\u4ee5\u7684\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u7b80\u5355\u3001\u4e0d\u8a00\u800c\u55bb\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002<\/p>\n
\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u770b\u4e00\u4e2a\u9010\u6b65\u8f93\u5165\u51fd\u6570\u7684\u793a\u4f8b\uff1a<\/p>\n
# Original function\ndef process_order(order):\n    total = sum(item['price'] * item['quantity'] for item in order['items'])\n    if order['coupon']:\n        total *= 0.9\n    return {'order_id': order['id'], 'total': total}\n\n# Gradually typed version\nfrom typing import Dict, List, Optional\n\ndef process_order(order: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Union[str, float]]:\n    total = sum(item['price'] * item['quantity'] for item in order['items'])\n    if order['coupon']:\n        total *= 0.9\n    return {'order_id': order['id'], 'total': total}\n\n# Fully typed version\nOrderItem = Dict[str, Union[str, int, float]]\nOrder = Dict[str, Union[str, List[OrderItem], bool]]\n\ndef process_order(order: Order) -> Dict[str, Union[str, float]]:\n    total = sum(item['price'] * item['quantity'] for item in order['items'])\n    if order['coupon']:\n        total *= 0.9\n    return {'order_id': order['id'], 'total': total}\n<\/pre>\n
\u6211\u4eec\u4e00\u5f00\u59cb\u6ca1\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u4e9b\u57fa\u672c\u63d0\u793a\uff0c\u6700\u540e\u4e3a\u5b8c\u5168\u7c7b\u200b\u200b\u578b\u5316\u7248\u672c\u521b\u5efa\u4e86\u81ea\u5b9a\u4e49\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b65\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u6539\u53d8\u4ee3\u7801\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u60c5\u51b5\u4e0b\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u7a33\u5065\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6e10\u8fdb\u6253\u5b57\u6700\u9177\u7684\u4e8b\u60c5\u4e4b\u4e00\u662f\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u7c7b\u578b\u4fe1\u606f\u65f6\uff0cpython \u6709\u65f6\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f18\u5316\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5b83\u53ef\u80fd\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u7528\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u6570\u636e\u7ed3\u6784\u6216\u907f\u514d\u4e0d\u5fc5\u8981\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f46\u4e5f\u8bb8\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u6253\u5b57\u7684\u6700\u5927\u597d\u5904\u662f\u5b83\u5982\u4f55\u6539\u53d8\u6211\u4eec\u601d\u8003\u4ee3\u7801\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u5f53\u6211\u4eec\u5f00\u59cb\u8003\u8651\u7c7b\u578b\u65f6\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u7ecf\u5e38\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u903b\u8f91\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u6216\u6211\u4eec\u4ee5\u524d\u6ca1\u6709\u60f3\u5230\u7684\u6f5c\u5728\u8fb9\u7f18\u60c5\u51b5\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u50cf\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u7684\u81ea\u5df1\u5bf9\u8bdd\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u5e94\u8be5\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n
\u5f53\u7136\uff0c\u6e10\u8fdb\u6253\u5b57\u5e76\u975e\u6ca1\u6709\u6311\u6218\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u66f4\u52a0\u5197\u957f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u6709\u6548\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b66\u4e60\u66f2\u7ebf\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u5c0f\u5fc3\uff0c\u4e0d\u8981\u9677\u5165\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u4fdd\u8bc1\u6b63\u786e\u6027\u7684\u9677\u9631\u2014\u2014\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u6355\u83b7\u67d0\u4e9b\u7c7b\u578b\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4eec\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u7075\u4e39\u5999\u836f\u3002<\/p>\n
\u6700\u540e\uff0c\u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u8003\u8651\u4e00\u4e0b\u5728 python \u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u8f93\u5165\u7684\u4e00\u4e9b\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u8df5\uff1a<\/p>\n
    \n
  1. \n
    \u4ece\u4ee3\u7801\u5e93\u7684\u5173\u952e\u90e8\u5206\u5f00\u59cb\u3002\u91cd\u70b9\u5173\u6ce8\u4e0e\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u6700\u5bb9\u6613\u51fa\u73b0\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u9886\u57df\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
  2. \n
    \u5b9a\u671f\u4f7f\u7528\u50cf mypy \u8fd9\u6837\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u68c0\u67e5\u5668\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u60a8\u9488\u5bf9\u7c7b\u578b\u76f8\u5173\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u9053\u9632\u7ebf\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
  3. \n
    \u4e0d\u8981\u89c9\u5f97\u6709\u4e49\u52a1\u8f93\u5165\u6240\u6709\u5185\u5bb9\u3002\u6709\u65f6\uff0c\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u6b63\u662f\u60a8\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
  4. \n
    \u4f7f\u7528 monkeytype \u7b49\u5de5\u5177\u81ea\u52a8\u4e3a\u73b0\u6709\u4ee3\u7801\u751f\u6210\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
  5. \n
    \u8bf7\u8bb0\u4f4f\uff0c\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u4e0d\u4ec5\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u673a\u5668\uff0c\u4e5f\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u4eba\u7c7b\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6587\u6863\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n
  6. \n
    \u53ca\u65f6\u4e86\u89e3 python \u7684\u8f93\u5165\u529f\u80fd\u3002\u4ed6\u4eec\u4e0d\u65ad\u53d1\u5c55\u548c\u6539\u8fdb\u3002<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    python \u4e2d\u7684\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u6253\u5b57\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5f3a\u5927\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u5b83\u4f7f\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u5229\u7528\u9759\u6001\u548c\u52a8\u6001\u6253\u5b57\u7684\u4f18\u52bf\u3002\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u8981\u9650\u5236\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f7f\u7528 python \u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8981\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u66f4\u591a\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u66f4\u591a\u5de5\u5177\u6765\u7f16\u5199\u5065\u58ee\u3001\u53ef\u7ef4\u62a4\u7684\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u4e0e\u4efb\u4f55\u5de5\u5177\u4e00\u6837\uff0c\u5173\u952e\u662f\u5b66\u4e60\u4f55\u65f6\u4ee5\u53ca\u5982\u4f55\u6709\u6548\u5730\u4f7f\u7528\u5b83\u3002\u6240\u4ee5\u7ee7\u7eed\u6253\u5b57\u2014\u2014\u9010\u6e10\u5730\uff01<\/p>\n
    \n
    \u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u770b\u770b\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u521b\u4f5c\uff1a<\/p>\n
    \u6295\u8d44\u8005\u4e2d\u5fc3<\/strong> | \u667a\u80fd\u751f\u6d3b<\/strong> | \u65f6\u4ee3\u4e0e\u56de\u54cd<\/strong> | \u4ee4\u4eba\u8d39\u89e3\u7684\u8c1c\u56e2<\/strong> | \u5370\u5ea6\u6559<\/strong> | \u7cbe\u82f1\u5f00\u53d1<\/strong> | js\u5b66\u6821<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \n
    \u79d1\u6280\u8003\u62c9\u6d1e\u5bdf<\/strong> | \u65f6\u4ee3\u4e0e\u56de\u54cd\u4e16\u754c<\/strong> | \u6295\u8d44\u8005\u4e2d\u592e\u5a92\u4f53<\/strong> | \u4ee4\u4eba\u8d39\u89e3\u7684\u8c1c\u56e2<\/strong> | \u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u65f6\u4ee3\u5a92\u4ecb<\/strong> | \u73b0\u4ee3\u5370\u5ea6\u6559<\/strong><\/p>\n
    \u4ee5\u4e0a\u5c31\u662f\u672c\u6587\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u5185\u5bb9\u4e86\uff0c\u662f\u5426\u6709\u987a\u5229\u5e2e\u52a9\u4f60\u89e3\u51b3\u95ee\u9898\uff1f\u82e5\u662f\u80fd\u7ed9\u4f60\u5e26\u6765\u5b66\u4e60\u4e0a\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\uff0c\u8bf7\u5927\u5bb6\u591a\u591a\u652f\u6301\u7c73\u4e91\uff01\u66f4\u591a\u5173\u4e8e\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u5173\u6ce8\u7c73\u4e91\u516c\u4f17\u53f7\u3002<\/p>\n
          \u7248\u672c\u58f0\u660e \u672c\u6587\u8f6c\u8f7d\u4e8e\uff1adev.to \u5982\u6709\u4fb5\u72af\uff0c\u8bf7\u8054\u7cfb\u5220\u9664<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
    Python&#s Gradual Typing: Flexibly Enhancing Code Safety and Performance \u201c\u7eb5\u6709\u75be\u98ce\u6765\uff0c\u4eba\u751f\u4e0d\u8a00\u5f03\u201d\uff0c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u9001\u7ed9\u6b63\u5728\u5b66\u4e60\u6587\u7ae0\u7684\u670b\u53cb\u4eec\uff0c\u4e5f\u5e0c\u671b\u5728\u9605\u8bfb\u672c\u6587\u300aPythons Gradual Typing: Flexibly Enhancing Code Safety and Performance\u300b\u540e\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u771f\u7684\u5e2e\u52a9\u5230\u5927\u5bb6\u3002\u6211\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5728\u540e\u7eed\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\uff0c\u9646\u7eed\u66f4\u65b0\u6587\u7ae0\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u6280\u672f\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6709\u597d\u7684\u5efa\u8bae\u6b22\u8fce\u5927\u5bb6\u5728\u8bc4\u8bba\u7559\u8a00\uff0c\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u8c22\uff01 python \u4e2d\u7684\u6e10\u8fdb\u5f0f\u8f93\u5165\u5bf9\u4e8e\u50cf\u6211\u4eec\u8fd9\u6837\u60f3\u8981\u4e24\u5168\u5176\u7f8e\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u4eba\u5458\u6765\u8bf4\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e38\u620f\u89c4\u5219\u6539\u53d8\u8005\uff1a\u52a8\u6001\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\u548c\u9759\u6001\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u9009\u8fb9\u7ad9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u9009\u8fb9\u7ad9\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u627e\u5230\u9002\u5408\u6211\u4eec\u9879\u76ee\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u70b9\u3002 \u8ba9\u6211\u4eec\u4ece\u57fa\u7840\u5f00\u59cb\u3002 python \u4e00\u76f4\u662f\u52a8\u6001\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\uff0c\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u5fc5\u58f0\u660e\u53d8\u91cf\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u8fd9\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4ee4\u4eba\u96be\u4ee5\u7f6e\u4fe1\u7684\u7075\u6d3b\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u5bfc\u81f4\u96be\u4ee5\u6355\u83b7\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u9519\u8bef\u3002\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u6e10\u8fdb\u6253\u5b57\u7684\u7528\u6b66\u4e4b\u5730\u3002 \u901a\u8fc7\u9010\u6b65\u8f93\u5165\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4ee3\u7801\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u7c7b\u578b\u63d0\u793a\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63d0\u793a\u662f\u53ef\u9009\u7684\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u9010\u6b65\u5f15\u5165\u5b83\u4eec\uff08\u56e0\u6b64\u5f97\u540d\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u4f1a\u7834\u574f\u73b0\u6709\u4ee3\u7801\u3002\u8fd9\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a def greet(name: str) -> str: return f”hello, {name}!” print(greet(“alice”)) # output: hello, alice! print(greet(42)) # this will run, but a type checker would warn us \u5728\u6b64\u793a\u4f8b\u4e2d\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u544a\u8bc9 python name \u5e94\u8be5\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u5e94\u8be5\u8fd4\u56de\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b57\u7b26\u4e32\u3002\u4f46 python \u4e0d\u4f1a\u5728\u8fd0\u884c\u65f6\u5f3a\u5236\u6267\u884c\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-49489","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-16"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fwq.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49489","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fwq.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fwq.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fwq.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fwq.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=49489"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/fwq.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/49489\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fwq.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=49489"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fwq.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=49489"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fwq.ai\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=49489"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}